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Certainly, manipulation often harms. If successful, manipulative cigarette ads contribute to disease and death; manipulative phishing and other scams facilitate identity theft and other forms of fraud; manipulative social tactics can support abusive or unhealthy relationships; political manipulation can foment division and weaken democracy. But manipulation is not always harmful.Suppose that Amy just left an abusive yet faithful partner, but in a moment of weakness she is tempted to go back to him.

To this end it takes Jack Schaefer’s novel Shane1 as its case study with two main organising principles in mind. Firstly, analysis of the text demonstrates the ways in which critical methods and theoretical debates can be applied to the literary Western. As a result, I assess, for example, the convention which applies historical co ordinates to fictional representations, as well as the challenges posed by alternative modes of critique.

We lived in a bubble. To hold each other and our new baby after the week apart was like a drug. We could have been anywhere in the world, yet we were home.”. A delegation of 12 observers traveled to Luhansk Oblast in Ukraine to report on the adherence to international election standards in the province. This delegation of observers had the opportunity to visit all electoral territories in Luhansk Oblast prior to Election Day (E Day). The delegation remained in the province over a ten day period, commencing on 23 October 2004 and concluding on 1 November 2004..

Related to this, the insistence of the PO approach on manipulability of the causes, and its attendant distinction between non causal attributes and causal variables has resonated well with the focus in empirical work on policy relevance ([Angrist and Pischke, 2008, Manski, 2013]). Pearl Counterclaim 2Not so. The term outcome is a late comer to the economics literature of the 20th century, whose native vocabulary and natural primitives were functional relationships among variables, not potential outcomes.