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This means that cannot be estimated as a coefficient in a regression of Y on X and S. Readers of Causality, Chapter 5, would not panic by such revelation, knowing that there are dozens of ways to identify a parameter, going way beyond adjustment (surveyed in Chen and Pearl (2014)). WC’08 identify using one of these methods, and their solution coincides of course with the general derivation given above.The example above demonstrates that the direct effect of X on Y (as well as Z on Y ) can be identified nonparametrically, which extends the linear analysis of WC’08.

No matter how eco friendly its supply chain becomes, producing more and more clothes comes at an environmental cost.When I asked Zara if it was still committed to the fast fashion business model, a spokesperson said that the company prides itself on its logistical efficiency, but that turning clothes around quickly did not mean compromising on quality or durability. In other words, just because Zara makes clothes fast doesn mean that it is encouraging consumers to treat them as disposable. After all, many people have Zara pieces in their closet that they bought years ago.That true, but the fact of the matter is that the entire supply chain is designed to churn out the latest looks, and the nature of fashion is that it quickly becomes obsolete.

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Meanwhile, for the glaze: In a small pot, add the butter and melt over low heat. Add the vanilla extract and lemon juice and begin whisking in the powdered sugar in 1/4 cup increments. Continue adding and whisking between additions until the glaze thickens.

Please credit the Thomson Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson , that covers humanitarian news, women rights, trafficking, corruption and climate change. The legislative proposal, reviewed by , will be revealed Monday along with other Ways and Means provisions. Ritchie Neal (D Mass.), chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, said in a statement.

I had started graduate school and an all consuming love relationship. I even began to doubt the veracity of the Islamic jihad network Aziz had meticulously described to me over many cups of bitter green tea. Time magazine had bought my story but never ran it.